The PTA welding process compresses a free arc column using a water-cooled copper nozzle, concentrating the energy and fully ionizing the gas within the arc. This type of arc is known as a plasma arc, which can reach temperatures of 10,000 to 20,000°C. The intense heat rapidly melts both the alloy powder and the surface of the base material, forming a high-quality alloy weld layer on the substrate.